Forest Clivia

Taxonomy
Scientific Name
Clivia gardenii Hook.
Higher Classification
Monocotyledons
Family
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Common Names
Boslelie (a), Forest Clivia (e), Umayime (z), Umgulufu (a)
National Status
Status and Criteria
Vulnerable A2abcd; B1ab(ii,iv,v)
Assessment Date
2022/07/21
Assessor(s)
V.L. Williams, D. Raimondo, N.R. Crouch, A.B. Cunningham, C.R. Scott-Shaw, M. Lötter & A.M. Ngwenya
Justification
This species has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 6900 km² and occurs at less than 10 locations. It has declined by at least 30% in the last 90 years (generation length 30 years) due to harvesting for the medicinal plant and horticultural trades as well as some habitat loss to commercial forest plantations, crop cultivation and urban development. The number of mature individuals continue to decline due to harvesting.
Distribution
Endemism
South African endemic
Provincial distribution
KwaZulu-Natal
Range
This species' distribution extends from the Ngome Forest to the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands.
Habitat and Ecology
Major system
Terrestrial
Major habitats
Northern Coastal Forest, Scarp Forest, Southern Mistbelt Forest
Description
It occurs in forest undergrowth.
Threats
Harvesting [gathering]
Population
Population trend
Decreasing
Conservation
It is protected in Umtamvuna Nature Reserve and Ngome Forest Reserve.
Assessment History
Taxon assessed
Status and Criteria
Citation/Red List version
Clivia gardenii Hook.VU A2abcd; B1ab(ii,iv,v)Raimondo et al. (2009)
Clivia caulescens R.A.DyerNT A3dRaimondo et al. (2009)
Clivia gardenii Hook.Lower Risk - Least Concern Victor (2002)
Clivia caulescens R.A.DyerLower Risk - Least Concern Victor (2002)
Clivia gardenii Hook.Not Threatened Hilton-Taylor (1996)
Clivia caulescens R.A.DyerNot Threatened Hilton-Taylor (1996)
Clivia caulescens R.A.DyerRare Hall et al. (1980)
Clivia gardenii Hook.Indeterminate Hall et al. (1980)
Bibliography

Crouch, N., Ndlovu, E., Mullholland, D.A. and Pohl, T.L. 2003. The genus Clivia in ethnomedicine: usage, bioactivity and phytochemistry. Clivia Yearbook 5.


Cunningham, A.B. 1988. An investigation of the herbal medicine trade in Natal/KwaZulu. Investigational Report No. 29. Institute of Natural Resources, Pietermaritzburg.


Dlamini, T.S. and Dlamini, G.M. 2002. Swaziland. In: J.S. Golding (ed), Southern African plant red data lists (pp. 121-134), Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report 14.


Duncan, G., Jeppe, B. and Voigt, L. 2016. The Amaryllidaceae of southern Africa. Umdaus Press, Pretoria.


Dyer, R.A. 1943. Clivia caulescens. Flowering Plants of Africa 23:t. 891.


Hall, A.V., De Winter, M., De Winter, B. and Van Oosterhout, S.A.M. 1980. Threatened plants of southern Africa. South African National Scienctific Programmes Report 45. CSIR, Pretoria.


Hilton-Taylor, C. 1996. Red data list of southern African plants. Strelitzia 4. South African National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.


Mander, M. 1997. Medicinal plant marketing in Bushbuckridge and Mpumalanga: a market survey and recommended strategies for sustaining the supply plants in the region. Danish Cooperation for Environment and Development, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Strandgade.


Mander, M. 1998. Marketing of indigenous medicinal plants in South Africa: a case study in KwaZulu-Natal. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.


Murray, E.G., Ran, Y., De Lange, P.J., Hammet, K.R.W., Truter, J.T. and Swanevelder, Z.H. 2004. A new species of Clivia (Amyaryllidaeceae) endemic to the Pondoland Centre of Endemism, South Africa. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146:369-374.


Raimondo, D., von Staden, L., Foden, W., Victor, J.E., Helme, N.A., Turner, R.C., Kamundi, D.A. and Manyama, P.A. 2009. Red List of South African Plants. Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.


Victor, J.E. 2002. South Africa. In: J.S. Golding (ed), Southern African plant Red Data Lists. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report 14 (pp. 93-120), SABONET, Pretoria.


Vorster, P.J. 1994. Clivia nobilis. Flowering Plants of Africa 53:70-74.


Williams, V.L. 2003. Hawkers of health: an investigation of the Faraday Street traditional medicine market in Johannesburg. Report to Gauteng Directorate for Nature Conservation, DACEL.


Williams, V.L. 2007. The design of a risk assessment model to determine the impact of the herbal medicine trade on the Witwatersrand on resources of indigenous plant species. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.


Williams, V.L., Balkwill, K. and Witkowski, E.T.F. 2000. Unravelling the commercial market for medicinal plants and plant parts on the Witwatersrand, South Africa. Economic Botany 54(3):310-327.


Citation
Williams, V.L., Raimondo, D., Crouch, N.R., Cunningham, A.B., Scott-Shaw, C.R., Lötter, M. & Ngwenya, A.M. 2022. Clivia gardenii Hook. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version . Accessed on 2025/04/18

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Distribution map

© M. Lötter

© F. Venter

© J.E. Burrows

© A.J. Hankey

© A.J. Hankey

© A.J. Hankey

© S. Zondi

© S. Zondi

© D.R. McKenzie

© G. Nichols

© G. Nichols

© G. Nichols

© D.R. McKenzie


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