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Scientific Name | Leucadendron elimense E.Phillips subsp. salteri I.Williams |
Higher Classification | Dicotyledons |
Family | PROTEACEAE |
Common Names | Caledon Conebush (e) |
National Status |
Status and Criteria | Endangered B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) |
Assessment Date | 2020/06/07 |
Assessor(s) | A.G. Rebelo, D. Raimondo, L. von Staden & R. Koopman |
Justification | Leucadendron elimense subsp. salteri is a range-restricted taxon with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 203 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 36 km². It has lost over 70% of its habitat in the past to crop cultivation and mining. Four isolated subpopulations at four locations continue to decline due to alien plant invasion, ongoing habitat loss to agriculture, and wild flower harvesting. Most subpopulations are on isolated fragments between agricultural lands, two of the four remaining subpopulations have come under protection via Biodiversity Stewardship agreements since 2010. This taxon qualifies for listing as Endangered under criterion B. |
Distribution |
Endemism | South African endemic |
Provincial distribution | Western Cape |
Range | This subspecies is found in the western Overberg region of the Western Cape Province in South Africa, from the Bot River Valley to the Hemel en Aarde Valley and Shaw's Pass. |
Habitat and Ecology |
Major system | Terrestrial |
Major habitats | Ruens Silcrete Renosterveld, Elim Ferricrete Fynbos |
Description | It occurs in silcrete and shale fynbos in the lowlands. Mature individuals are killed by fires, and only seeds survive. Seeds are released after ripening, and is stored in surface leaf-litter. It is dioecious, with insect-pollinated male and female flowers occurring on separate plants. |
Threats |
A total of 70% of this subspecies habitat has been lost to crop cultivation (cereals, vines and pasture) and gravel mining. All four remaining subpopulations are threatened by alien invasive Acacia, Pinus and Hakea species. This subspecies is popular for use in the cut flower trade and wild flower harvesting (both by farmers and illegal picking) is an ongoing threat. |
Population |
Four subpopulations remain currently, and there have been two recorded subpopulation extinctions. There is one viable population on the shales on the south side of Shaw's Mountain. Three distinct patches occur over a 9 km range and in total numbered between 400 and 500 plants in 1998, the population has not been monitored for the past 22 years however it has come under protection recently, and has been recently burnt. Three other small subpopulations exist one at Marema Private Nature Reserve south of the town of Bot River where between 50 and 100 plants occur and two other small subpopulations of fewer than 20 plants exist one in the Hemel and Aarde Valley and the second on the north slopes of Shaw's Pass. Two subpopulations have gone extinct since 1975 the first at Bot River Bridge where a population of 20 to 40 plants in 1993 has gone extinct due to invasion by acacias and pines a second, a subpopulation at Diepgat was last recorded in 1963 but was likely to have been lost only post 1975 due to the development of vineyards. There is ongoing habitat degradation at all remaining subpopulations from invasive alien plant species the population is suspected to be declining.
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Population trend | Decreasing |
Assessment History |
Taxon assessed |
Status and Criteria |
Citation/Red List version | Leucadendron elimense E.Phillips subsp. salteri I.Williams | CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv) | Raimondo et al. (2009) | Leucadendron elimense E.Phillips subsp. salteri I.Williams | Endangered | Hilton-Taylor (1996) | Leucadendron elimense E.Phillips subsp. salteri I.Williams | Vulnerable | Hall et al. (1980) | |
Bibliography |
Hall, A.V., De Winter, M., De Winter, B. and Van Oosterhout, S.A.M. 1980. Threatened plants of southern Africa. South African National Scienctific Programmes Report 45. CSIR, Pretoria.
Hilton-Taylor, C. 1996. Red data list of southern African plants. Strelitzia 4. South African National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
Raimondo, D., von Staden, L., Foden, W., Victor, J.E., Helme, N.A., Turner, R.C., Kamundi, D.A. and Manyama, P.A. 2009. Red List of South African Plants. Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
Rebelo, T. 2001. Sasol Proteas: A field guide to the proteas of southern Africa. (2nd ed.). Fernwood Press, Vlaeberg, Cape Town.
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Citation |
Rebelo, A.G., Raimondo, D., von Staden, L. & Koopman, R. 2020. Leucadendron elimense E.Phillips subsp. salteri I.Williams. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version . Accessed on 2025/04/13 |